History of the Nonkovic Family

Long before the historic migration toward the Adriatic, the roots of the Nonkovic clan lay deep in the turbulent borderlands of Ottoman eastern Herzegovina. The family's ancestral home was in Broćanac, within the old districts of Zažablje and Popovo beside the wetlands of Hutovo Blato. [Tomić 2006, p. 177][Hranilović and Hirc 1905, p. 619]

Broćanac and the wider Zažablje region belonged to the Catholic parish of Gradac in the Diocese of Trebinje–Mrkan. The inhabitants lived in a Dinaric, predominantly pastoral world, and the wealthier households built their fortunes through livestock, pasture management, and horse caravans that carried goods down to the Adriatic ports. [Krešić 2006, pp. 108–109]

Complete property ledgers for the earliest Nonkovic household have not survived. Yet the position of a frontier commander—expected to finance weapons, equipment, and fighting men—was beyond the reach of an ordinary peasant household. The family's military rise points to a strong economic base, a wide network of allies, and the ability to command armed retainers.

On this dangerous seam between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, Nikola Nonković (Generation I; his father is not recorded in the lineage chart) rose to a position of exceptional regional power. The Ottoman authorities appointed him Serdar of Zažablje—a local military chief and guardian of order. [Krešić 2006, p. 107]

Family and regional records associate his authority with thirty villages and the allegiance of as many as 740 fighting men. Such power rested on more than an appointed title: it depended on personal reputation, the resources of his household, and the loyalty of men who accepted Nikola as their commander. [Krešić 2006, p. 107]

The files of the Dubrovnik archives record Nikola Nonković and his contemporary Draško Matić in connection with a major retaliatory action against villages in the Dubrovnik Littoral in 1667, following destructive Uskok raids. At that time Nikola still operated within the Ottoman frontier order, defending the territory and interests entrusted to him.

In the deep Herzegovina hinterland under Ottoman rule, the family belonged to the Roman Catholic community of Gradac parish in the Diocese of Trebinje–Mrkan. The diocesan priests Don Petar Dragobratović and Don Jure Sentić later played important roles in the negotiations and crossed toward Opuzen with Nikola, showing how closely church and family networks were intertwined. [Krešić 2006, pp. 108–109][Krešić 2006, p. 109]

St. John the Baptist and St. Nicholas held a special place in family devotion. That attachment would later become part of the family's physical legacy through the Church of St. John on Osinj and the Chapel of St. Nicholas at Klek. [Tomić 2006, p. 177][Tomić 2006, p. 177]

The year 1684 began a process that would change the family's destiny three years later. With the outbreak of the Great Turkish, or Morean, War, Serdar Nikola (Generation I) began considering a transfer to Venetian authority. It was a daring political and military gamble: failure would have meant certain destruction. [Krešić 2006, pp. 107–109]

On May 27, 1684, Nikola wrote to Provveditore Pietro Valier about conditions in the Neretva, Zažablje, and Herzegovina and outlined plans for military cooperation. After a meeting at Opuzen on November 25, the priest Petar Dragobratović, acting as Nikola's representative, concluded the first agreement with Valier on December 4, 1684. Negotiations continued through a new agreement made by Jure Sentić at Zadar on March 9, 1686, and a final compact at Sućuraj on July 19, 1687. [Krešić 2006, pp. 107–109]

The migration was finally carried out in late July 1687. Nikola crossed toward Opuzen with his sons; the Catholic diocesan priests Don Jure Sentić and Don Petar Dragobratović; approximately 250 armed men; and their families. Krešić, citing Macan, reports an estimate of approximately forty families, while his account of Jerković gives about 2,000 people, a figure Krešić considers probably exaggerated. The sources clearly show that part of the extended clan and local population remained in Herzegovina. [Krešić 2006, p. 109][Krešić 2006, p. 109, note 30][Macan 1990, p. 49 — cited by Krešić][Jerković in Vidović 2000, p. 134 — cited by Krešić][Tomić 2006, p. 177]

Ottoman retaliation was swift and devastating. Krešić's study, drawing on church and regional records, reports that emptied villages were plundered and burned, that the rebels' relatives suffered especially, and that people caught with their livestock in the mountains were left unprotected. A second migration followed in the autumn of 1688, when more than seventy additional families reached Venetian territory in the Neretva valley. [Krešić 2006, p. 109]

Reaching the lower Neretva did not remove the displaced clan from the war. Nikola (Generation I) transformed his followers into a mobile Venetian auxiliary force, while his sons Vule and Jure (Generation II) fought beside him on the front line. [Croatian Encyclopedia]

The Nonkovic fighters knew the roads, mountain passes, and weaknesses of the Ottoman hinterland. They served as scouts, guides, and auxiliaries alongside the main Venetian army. War struck the family directly at Herceg Novi in 1687, where Jure (Generation II, son of Nikola) was killed, while his brother Vule continued their father's military service. [Tomić 2006, p. 177]

Family and encyclopedic accounts connect Nikola's forces with campaigns around Knin and Vrgorac. In June 1694, Nikola and his surviving documented son Vule participated in the large Venetian operation that captured Čitluk. [Croatian Encyclopedia][Krešić 2006, p. 110]

In 1688 Nikola (Generation I) established the family's principal coastal stronghold at Kulin, now Klek. The stone complex served as a refuge, lookout, and defensive position guarding the maritime approach to the Neretva. [Croatian Encyclopedia]

Its vulnerability was demonstrated almost immediately. Ottoman forces reached Klek and briefly captured the positions later that year. Nikola gathered his men again and, with Venetian support, recovered the stronghold in early 1689. [Croatian Encyclopedia]

High above the coast stood Smrdan Grad, a second key position. During 1690 and 1691 Nikola's men repeatedly resisted Ottoman attempts to break through to the sea. Klek and Smrdan Grad became stone symbols of the family's survival on its new frontier. [Tomić 2006, p. 177]

The courage and loyalty of Nikola (Generation I) reached the highest governing bodies of the Republic. Sources date the honor to 1691/92: the Venetian Senate awarded him the title of Knight of St. Mark—Cavaliere di San Marco—in 1691, and Doge Francesco Morosini confirmed the patent on January 20, 1692. [Croatian Encyclopedia][Čoralić 2007, p. 340]

Lovorka Čoralić shows that the Knights of St. Mark included both patricians and deserving military commanders from families that were not of noble origin. The honor carried the right to knightly dress, arms, a cross, a medallion, and other military distinctions; it did not by itself confer membership in the Venetian patriciate. [Čoralić 2007, pp. 339–341][Čoralić 2007, p. 341]

Nikola was killed in battle near Ljubinje in 1695. His son Vule (Generation II) assumed command and was rewarded for his own continued service. On June 27, 1696, Doge Silvestro Valier issued a new patent extending the title of Knight of St. Mark to Vule and his legitimate descendants as a hereditary distinction. [Tomić 2006, p. 177][Tomić 2006, p. 177]

As the frontiers stabilized after the long wars, the family converted military authority into civil power. In 1715 Knight Vule Nonković (Generation II, son of Serdar Nikola) was appointed Supreme Superintendent (Italian: sopraintendente) of the Neretva Frontier—the most influential administrative office in the lower valley. [Croatian Encyclopedia]

The Superintendent oversaw civil government, frontier logistics, customs, trade taxes, and local justice. For nearly a century the office remained closely associated with the Nonkovic family. [Croatian Encyclopedia]

After Vule's death in 1734, his son Luka (Generation III) held the position until 1752. Luka's brother Ivan (Generation III, also a son of Vule) served as Vice-Superintendent from 1752 to 1763. Later in the century Luka's sons Ante and Jakov (Generation IV) occupied leading positions, with Jakov remaining in service until 1806. [Croatian Encyclopedia][Tomić 2006, pp. 177–178]

Military service and decades of frontier administration brought the family substantial landholdings. Venice distributed liberated lands and estates abandoned during the war to deserving soldiers, and the Nonkovic family acquired property across Zažablje, Opuzen, Klek, and the surrounding region.

The family lineage chart records that around 1773 Nikola Nonković (Generation VI, son of the Generation V Luka)—a descendant of the first Serdar Nikola—received or had confirmed the hereditary title of Conte. [Duško Nonković lineage chart, 1999]

The family's eighteenth-century power left a visible legacy in stone. At Klek they expanded Kula Nonković, a great three-story defensive structure with massive stone frames, gun loops, and machicolations through which defenders could shower attackers with stones or heated material. Beside it stood the Chapel of St. Nicholas, a place of worship and a sign of the family's permanent presence. [Tomić 2006, p. 177]

For their final resting place the family turned to the small island of Osinj at the mouth of the Neretva, granted to them by Venice in 1744. There the ancient single-nave Church of St. John the Baptist became a private family sanctuary. [Tomić 2006, p. 177]

The family reinforced the church and created burial vaults beneath its floor. According to family tradition, Vule, Luka, Ivan, and other members of the lineage were laid to rest in these island crypts, permanently joined to the waters of the Neretva they had once defended and governed. [Tomić 2006, p. 177][Duško Nonković lineage chart, 1999]

The Florentine painter and Venetian soldier Filippo Naldi lived at Opuzen and was proposed as harbour master of the Neretva in 1760. Among his most important secular works are portraits of the brothers Luka and Ivan Nonković (Generation III, sons of Vule), now preserved by the City Museum of Split. Luka was painted in 1752 and Ivan in 1759. [Tomić 2006, pp. 175–178]

Naldi portrayed them from the waist up, armed with swords and dressed in splendid fur-trimmed clothing, red caps, and gold ornament. The inscriptions identify their descent from Knight Vule and their administrative service in the Neretva, making the paintings both works of art and rare visual records of the eighteenth-century family. [Tomić 2006, pp. 177–178]

In the same year as Luka's portrait, 1752, Luka Nonković and the church procurators commissioned Naldi's altarpiece The Stoning of St. Stephen for the parish church at Opuzen. A note on its reverse records that the painting was restored in Venice in 1872 at the expense of Petar Nonković and members of the Nikolić family, evidence that care for this family and church heritage continued into the nineteenth century. [Tomić 2006, pp. 175–178]

The fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797 destroyed the political world in which the family had built its position. The lower Neretva entered a period of rapid transition between French and Austrian rule, but the Nonkovic military role did not immediately disappear.

The family lineage chart records that in 1806 Lieutenant Colonel Frane Nonković (Generation VI, son of the Generation V Frane) broke the siege of Dubrovnik when Petar I Petrović-Njegoš, the Russian fleet, and forces from eastern Herzegovina attempted to take the city. [Duško Nonković lineage chart, 1999]

By a decree dated November 14, 1811, Napoleon entrusted Frane with command of Kula Norinska, the key fortress position on the river. [Croatian Encyclopedia]

Following Napoleon's defeats, Austrian forces advanced into Dalmatia. From Opuzen, Major Marojević sent Frane (Generation VI) a demand on November 30, 1813, ordering the immediate surrender of Kula Norinska. Frane's reply, written inside the fortress on January 2, 1814, left no room for negotiation. [Croatian Encyclopedia]

He held the tower for a further six months. Only after persistent persuasion by his immediate family and Franciscan friars traveling from Zaostrog did he agree to abandon the position.

Even then, he did not surrender everything under his command. Before departing, he had his artillery cannons sunk in the Neretva and the state papers, treasury chest, and military flag buried at the fortress of Gabela, denying them to the new authorities.

The Croatian Encyclopedia records that Frane lost his position because he refused to surrender but was later rehabilitated. He then remained in service as Serdar of the Lower Neretva until 1844, extending the documented public service of this family branch well into the nineteenth century. [Croatian Encyclopedia]

The fortress later returned to family hands. When the Austrian authorities placed it at public auction, it was purchased by Niko Nonković (Generation VIII, grandson of the Generation VI Frane), who adapted the old military tower for use as a windmill. [Duško Nonković lineage chart, 1999]

This marked the end of an era in which the family's history had been recorded chiefly through wars, fortresses, and hereditary administrative offices. After the Venetian order disappeared, Nonkovic descendants lived under the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, then through the Yugoslav states, two world wars, socialist Yugoslavia, and finally independent Croatia.

The family lineage chart shows the historic line continuing through numerous connected branches during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, reaching descendants recorded around the year 2000. A family once gathered around a single frontier commander therefore entered the twenty-first century as a large, extended family. Its descendants now live in Croatia, other countries of the European Union, the United States, and elsewhere around the world, connected by their shared origins and Nonkovic heritage. [Duško Nonković lineage chart, 1999]